I was wondering this. When transliterating Japanese into romanji, which system do you prefer the most?
I have to say that I prefer the Hepburn system the most, since it seems to be the most concise and logical of the list.
Interesting how this topic got so far off track so quickly...
Anyway, I recently found out that most professional non-native transliterators use the Hepburn system.
I prefer the Hepburn system myself, when writing Japanese people's names, Japanese words, like Youko for the name ようこ etc. But if I was presenting to an audience that didn't understand Japanese I would use the simple way to write them - so it would be Yoko (whatever that system's called)
I find that Japanese themselves get awfully confused when writing their own words into romaji. In one class the name for a boy called しょうた was written "siota". I changed it to Shouta. A boy called ゆうき had his name written as "Youki" so I called him ようき at first.
Yeah, if you're going to appropriate a foreign alphabet in the very least you should respect the spelling and pronunciation of its own speakers.
The only advantage to Kunrei is that it standardizes certain conjugations by not introducing phonemes such as chi or tsu to verb endings that might make them appear irregular. Since it doesn't have any bearing on pronounciation to native speakers or Westerners and is a modified version of Nihon-shiki that was intended to replace the Japanese syllabary, it's so arcane and academic as to be almost totally worthless in my view.
Similar things happen for じ and ぢ (both become ji) and ず and づ (both become zu).
Kunrei is also phonetic for the most part which means that sounds not distinguished in modern Japanese (ぢ、づ etc） are not given a separate
transcription. I personally don't have the least problem with that approach.
I agree it is more complex but for different reasons. ぢ and づ are not even used in modern Japanese writing with the exception of one or two words.
ｍｉｘｉ疲れ [ミクシィづかれ] /(n) (sl) growing tired of the mixi community due to constant use and quitting/
ぎゅう詰め [ぎゅうづめ] /(adj-na,n) packed like sardines/jammed/
クマツヅラ科 [クマツヅラか] /(n) Verbenaceae (plant family)/vervain/
こぢんまり /(adv,n) compact/
さん付け [さんづけ] /(n,vs) (See 呼び捨て) attaching 'san' to somebody's name/
すし詰め;鮨詰め;寿司詰め [すしづめ] /(n) {food} jam-packed/packed in like sushi (like sardines)/
ずつ;づつ /(suf) (1) apiece/each/(2) at a time/little by little/bit by bit/inch by inch/piecemeal/
ちゃん付け [ちゃんづけ] /(n,vs) (See さん付け) attaching 'chan' to somebody's name/
ドアーヒンヂ;ドアヒンヂ;ドアヒンジ /(n) door hinge/
どぶ漬 [どぶづけ] /(n) drenching/soaking/marinating/
どん詰り [どんづまり] /(n) (uk) (dead) end/
ナイトヅレス /(n) nightdress/
に基づいて [にもとづいて] /(exp) based on/on the basis of/
に基づき [にもとづき] /(exp) (See にもとづいて) based on/
ラベル付け [ラベルづけ] /(n) labeling/
ランヂングバーン /(n) landing bahn/
愛想尽かし [あいそづかし] /(n,vs) harsh words intended to drive another off/
悪知恵 [わるじえ;わるぢえ] /(n) craft/cunning/guile/serpentine wisdom/
悪党面 [あくとうづら] /(n) villainous face/
位置付け(P);位置づけ [いちづけ(P);いちつけ] /(n) placement/fixed position/mapping out/location/(P)/
位置付ける(P);位置づける [いちづける(P);いちずける(位置付ける)(ik)] /(v1,vt) to place (in relation to the whole)/to rank/to position/to locate/(P)/
位付け [くらいづけ] /(n) ranking/unit/
意味付ける [いみづける] /(v1,vt) to give meaning to/
為続ける [しつづける] /(v1) to continue to do/to persist in doing/
井戸綱 [いどづな] /(n) well rope/
井綱 [いづな] /(n) well rope/
井筒 [いづつ] /(n) well crib/
磯釣 [いそづり] /(n) surf-fishing/
磯釣り [いそづり;いそずり(ik)] /(n) fishing from rocks by the shore/
磯伝い [いそづたい] /(n) along the beach/
一つ宛 [ひとつあて;ひとつづつ;ひとつずつ] /(n) one each/
一本調子 [いっぽんぢょうし;いっぽんちょうし] /(adj-na,n) monotone/
一本釣 [いっぽんづり] /(n,vs) pole-and-line fishing/
一本釣り [いっぽんづり;いっぽんずり(ik)] /(n) fishing with a pole/
一夜妻 [いちやづま;ひとよづま] /(n) temporary consort/prostitute/
一夜漬け;一夜漬 [いちやづけ] /(n) (vegetables) salted just overnight/last-minute cramming/
一里塚 [いちりづか] /(n) milestone (1 ri apart)/(P)/
稲妻 [いなずま(P);いなづま] /(n) (flash of) lightning/(P)/
芋蔓 [いもづる] /(n) sweet-potato vines/
芋蔓式 [いもづるしき] /(n) one after another/
印象付ける(P);印象づける [いんしょうづける] /(v1,vt) to impress (someone)/(P)/
引き綱;引綱 [ひきづな] /(n) (1) tow rope/(2) bell rope/(3) dog lead/
引き続き(P);引続き(P) [ひきつづき] /(adv,n) continuing for a long time/in succession/without a break/(P)/
引き続く;引続く [ひきつづく] /(v5k,vi) to continue (for a long time)/to occur in succession/
右詰め [みぎづめ] /(n) right justified/
羽繕い [はづくろい] /(n,vs) preening/
雨続き [あめつづき] /(n) raining for days on end/
雨天続き [うてんつづき] /(n) long spell of rainy weather/
卯月 [うつき;うづき;うずき(ik)] /(n) (obs) fourth month of the lunar calendar/
鰻筒 [うなぎづつ] /(n) eel trap/
閏月 [うるうづき;じゅんげつ] /(n) intercalary month/
運命づける;運命付ける [うんめいづける] /(v1) to preordain/
餌付く [えづく] /(v5k,vi) to begin to eat or feed/
餌付け [えづけ] /(n,vs) artificial feeding/
永続き [ながつづき] /(n) permanence/continuation/
演 付く [えんげきづく] /(v5k) to be absorbed in a play/
猿知恵 [さるじえ;さるぢえ] /(n) shallow cunning/shallow cleverness/
縁続き [えんつづき] /(n) a relative/
縁付く [えんづく] /(v5k,vi) to marry/
縁付ける [えんづける] /(v1,vt) to marry off/to give in marriage/
塩漬;塩漬け [しおづけ] /(n) pickling in salt/
奥勤め [おくづとめ] /(n) working as a lady's maid/
奥付け [おくづけ] /(n) colophon/
横綱 [よこづな] /(n) yokozuna (sumo grand champion)/(P)/
横綱の器 [よこづなのうつわ] /(n) mental characteristics expected of a sumo grand champion/
横綱を食う [よこづなをくう] /(exp) to beat a grand champion/
横綱稽古 [よこづなけいこ] /(n) practice session where grand champion is present (sumo) (practise)/
横綱審議委員会 [よこづなしんぎいいんかい] /(n) Yokozuna Deliberation Committee/body that recommends promotion of sumo wrestlers to grand champions/
横綱大関 [よこづなおおぜき] /(n) grand champion filling the rank of champion to keep their number at 2 (sumo)/
横付け [よこづけ] /(n,vs) coming alongside/
沖釣;沖釣り [おきづり] /(n) offshore fishing/
下積み [したづみ] /(n) lowest social strata/goods piled beneath/
下知 [げち;げぢ;げじ] /(n,vs) command/order/
仮名遣い(P);仮名使い [かなづかい] /(n) kana orthography/syllabary spelling/(P)/
家族連れ [かぞくづれ] /(n) taking the family along/
家続き [いえつづき] /(n) row of houses/
花作り [はなづくり] /(n) florist/floriculture/
花尽くし [はなづくし;はなずくし] /(n) (1) citing or naming a variety of flowers/(2) multi-flowered design/
荷作り(P);荷造り(P) [にづくり] /(n,vs) packing/baling/crating/(P)/
荷積;荷積み [にづみ] /(n,vs) loading/
俄造り [にわかづくり] /(n) makeshift/improvised/
我慢強い;がまん強い [がまんづよい] /(adj) (very) patient/persevering/
会社勤め [かいしゃづとめ] /(n) serving in a company/
会津塗 [あいづぬり] /(n) Aizu lacquer ware/
会堂司 [かいどうづかさ] /(n) ruler of a synagogue/
海岸伝い [かいがんづたい] /(n) along the coast/
海釣り;海釣 [うみづり] /(n) sea fishing/
絵番付 [えばんづけ] /(n) illustrated sumo rankings/
絵面;絵づら;画面(iK) [えづら] /(n) the impression given by a painting or image/
芥子漬け [からしづけ] /(n) vegetables pickled in mustard/
貝塚 [かいづか;かいずか(ik)] /(n) shell heap/shell mound/kitchen midden/
外付け(P);外付(P) [そとづけ] /(n) attached outside/(P)/
外面 [がいめん(P);そとづら] /(n) exterior/surface/outward appearance/(P)/
格子造り;格子造 [こうしづくり] /(n) latticework/
格付け [かくづけ(P);かくずけ(ik)] /(n,vs) rating/classification/allocation/grading/(P)/
確定日付 [かくていひづけ] /(n) fixed date/
学習机 [がくしゅうづくえ] /(n) writing desk/
学生横綱 [がくせいよこづな] /(n) university amateur sumo champion/
活け作り [いけづくり] /(n) (See 生き作り) slicing a fish and presenting it at table in its original form/
活気付く [かっきづく] /(v5k) to become animated/to liven up/to become active/
葛折り [つづらおり] /(n) winding/zigzag/
葛籠 [つづら] /(n) wicker clothes hamper/
冠鶴 [かんむりづる] /(n) crowned crane/
勘付く;勘づく [かんづく] /(v5k,vi) (uk) to suspect/to sense (danger)/to scent/
感付く;感づく [かんづく] /(v5k,vi) (uk) to apprehend/to get an inkling (of something)/to smell (danger)/
甘茶蔓 [あまちゃづる] /(n) variety of perennial which grows in mountainous regions/
看病疲れ [かんびょうづかれ] /(n) nursing fatigue/
缶詰(P);缶詰め(P);罐詰め(oK) [かんづめ] /(n) packing (in cans)/canning/canned goods/tin can/(P)/
還暦横綱手数入り [かんれきよこづなでずいり] /(n) former sumo grand champion's 60th birthday ring-entering ceremony/
間近(P);真近 [まぢか] /(adj-na,n-adv,n) proximity/nearness/soon/nearby/(P)/
間近い;真近い [まぢかい] /(adj) near at hand/
間抜け面 [まぬけづら] /(n) a foolish or stupid look/
関係付ける [かんけいづける] /(v1,vt) to relate to/to connect with/
丸木造り [まるきづくり] /(n) rustic work/
雁爪 [がんづめ;がんずめ] /(n) Japanese rake/
顔作り [かおづくり] /(n) shape of the head/using make-up/
基づく(P);基付く;基く(io) [もとづく] /(v5k,vi) to be grounded on/to be based on/to be due to/to originate from/(P)/
寄せ棟造り [よせむねづくり] /(n) house with a hipped roof/
寄せ木造り [よせぎづくり] /(n) joined block construction of a statue/
機嫌気褄 [きげんきづま] /(n) humor/temper/mood/
気詰まり;気詰り [きづまり] /(adj-na,n) constraint/
気強い [きづよい] /(adj) reassuring/stouthearted/
気遣い [きづかい] /(n) consideration/concern/fear/worry/solicitude/(P)/
気遣う;気づかう [きづかう] /(v5u,vi) to worry about/to feel anxious about/to have apprehensions of/
気遣わしい [きづかわしい] /(adj) anxiously/with anxious looks/with anxiety/
気難しい [きむずかしい(P);きむづかしい] /(adj) hard to please/moody/crusty/fastidious/(P)/
気疲れ [きづかれ] /(n,vs) mental fatigue/worry/boredom/
気付 [きづけ] /(suf) Care Of (CO)/
気付き [きづき] /(n) awareness/
気付く(P);気づく [きづく] /(v5k) to notice/to recognize/to recognise/to become aware of/to perceive/to realize/to realise/(P)/
気付け [きつけ;きづけ] /(n) (1) encouragement/bringing around/resuscitation/(2) stimulant/tonic/restorative/(3) (in) care of/
義務づける [ぎむづける] /(v1) to obligate/
義務付け [ぎむづけ] /(n) obligation/(P)/
義務付ける [ぎむづける] /(v1,vt) to obligate/
蟻塚 [ありづか] /(n) anthill/
菊月 [きくづき] /(n) the ninth month in the lunar calendar/
菊作り [きくづくり] /(n) chrysanthemum growing/
詰め [つめ;づめ] /(n,suf) stuffing/packing/keep doing for period of time (verbal suf)/an end/the foot (e.g., of a bridge)/checkmate/mate/appointment/
杵柄 [きねづか] /(n) mallet handle/
宮仕え [みやづかえ] /(n,vs) court service/
旧ｷ [ゆみづる;ゆづる;ゆづら] /(n) bowstring/
拠｣り月 [ゆみはりづき] /(n) crescent moon/
拠｣り提灯 [ゆみはりぢょうちん] /(n) paper lantern with bow-shaped handle/
旧仮名使い;旧仮名遣い [きゅうかなづかい] /(n) former (i.e. before the post-WWII reforms) kana usage in writing the yomikata of kanji/
居続ける [いつづける] /(v1) to stay on (e.g., at one's friends house)/to remain in the same neighborhood/
距 [きょ] /(n) tubular nectary/spur (botanical term)/
供養塚 [くようづか] /(n) unknown person's grave/
胸積もり [むなづもり] /(n) calculating in one's head/
胸乳 [むなち;むなぢ] /(n) breasts/
琴爪 [ことづめ] /(n) koto plectrum/
近づき(P);近付き [ちかづき] /(n) acquaintance/(P)/
近づく(P);近付く(P) [ちかづく] /(v5k) to approach/to get near/to get acquainted with/to get closer/(P)/
近々(P);近近;近ぢか [ちかぢか(P);きんきん(近々;近近)] /(n-adv,n-t) soon/nearness/before long/(P)/
近所付き合い;近所づきあい [きんじょづきあい] /(n,vs) interaction with one's neighbors/relationship with one's neighbors (neighbours)/
近付ける(P);近づける [ちかづける] /(v1,vt) to bring near/to put close/to let come near/to associate with/(P)/
金詰まり;金詰り [かねづまり] /(n) financial distress/money shortage/
金剛杖 [こんごうづえ] /(n) pilgrim's staff/
金使い;金遣い [かねづかい] /(n) (way of) spending money/
金槌(P);鉄槌;鉄鎚 [かなづち(鉄鎚;金槌)(P);てっつい(鉄鎚;鉄槌)] /(n) (1) (iron) hammer/(n) (2) (かなづち only) hopeless swimmer/complete beginner at swimming/(P)/
金槌頭 [かなづちあたま] /(n) hard-headed/stubborn/
金蔓 [かねづる] /(n) source of revenue/financial supporter/
九暑辮ﾜ [つづらおり] /(n) winding/meandering/zigzag/sinuous/
九暑辮ﾜり [つづらおり] /(n) winding road/
空釣り [からづり] /(n) fishing without bait/
形づくる(P);形作る;形造る [かたちづくる] /(v5r,vi) to form/to shape/to make/to mold/to mould/to build up/(P)/
景気付け;景気づけ [けいきづけ] /(n) putting life into/animating/cheering up/
渓流釣り [けいりゅうづり] /(n) mountain stream fishing/
経机 [きょうづくえ] /(n) sutra-reading desk/
穴釣り [あなづり] /(n) snagging eels/ice fishing/
結論づける;結論付ける [けつろんづける] /(v1) to reason/to sum up/to conclude/
血続き [ちつづき] /(n) blood relation/kin/
月々(P);月月 [つきづき] /(n-adv,n-t) every month/(P)/
権柄尽く [けんぺいずく;けんぺいづく] /(n) dictatorial/imperious/
見続ける [みつづける] /(v1) to gaze away/
元気付く [げんきづく] /(v5k) to get encouraged/to become heightened in spirits/to recover one's strength/
元気付ける;元気づける [げんきづける] /(v1,vt) to pep up/to cheer up/
言い辛い;言いづらい;言辛い [いいづらい] /(adj) difficult to speak about/
言伝;言伝て [ことづて] /(n) (oral) message/declaration/hearsay/rumour/rumor/
言付け;託け [ことづけ] /(n,vs) (verbal) message/
言葉遣い [ことばづかい] /(n) speech/expression/wording/(P)/
古漬け [ふるづけ] /(n) well-pickled (vegetables, etc.)/
糊付け [のりづけ] /(n,vs) starch (e.g., clothes)/
鼓 [つづみ] /(n) hand drum/(P)/
後詰め [ごづめ] /(n) rear guard/
後知恵 [あとぢえ] /(n) hindsight/
後付け [あとづけ] /(n) appendix/postscript/
後片付け(P);跡片付け [あとかたづけ] /(n,vs) tidying up/cleaning/clearing away/putting in order/(P)/
御近付き;お近付き [おちかづき] /(n) making someone's acquaintance/
口角力 [くちづもう] /(n) war of words/
口伝;口伝て [くでん(口伝);こうでん(口伝);くちづて(口伝て)] /(n) (See 口伝え) oral tradition/tradition/oral instruction/
口伝え [くちづたえ] /(n) (See 口伝て) oral tradition/tradition/oral instruction/
口付き [くちつき;くちづき] /(n) (1) (in the shape of a) mouth/(2) mouthpiece (of a cigarette)/(3) manner of speech/
口付き煙草 [くちづきたばこ] /(n) cigarette with a mouthpiece/
口付け;口づけ [くちづけ] /(n,vs) kiss/
口付ける;口づける [くちづける] /(v1) to kiss/
校倉造り [あぜくらづくり] /(n) ancient architectural style utilizing intercrossed triangle logs/
糠味噌漬け [ぬかみそづけ] /(n) vegetables pickled in salted rice-bran paste/
行き詰まり(P);行き詰り;行詰り [いきづまり(P);ゆきづまり] /(n) deadlock/stalemate/impasse/dead end/(P)/
行き詰まる [いきづまる] /(v5r) to reach the limits/to come to the end of one's tether/
降り続く [ふりつづく] /(v5k,vi) to continue to rain or snow/
高張り提灯 [たかはりぢょうちん] /(n) large paper lantern on a pole/
合掌造り [がっしょうづくり] /(n) structure with a sloping or rafter roof/
国づくり;国造り [くにづくり] /(n) nation building/
黒作り [くろづくり] /(n) squid chopped, salted and mixed in its own ink/
根強い [ねづよい] /(adj) firmly rooted/deep-seated/(P)/
根付く [ねづく] /(v5k,vi) to take root/to strike/
左詰め [ひだりづめ] /(n) left justified/
砂糖漬け [さとうづけ] /(n) preserved in sugar/
債券格付け [さいけんかくづけ] /(n) bond rating/
才槌 [さいづち] /(n) small wooden mallet/
才槌頭 [さいづちあたま] /(n) head like a hammer/
細作り [ほそづくり] /(adj-na,n) thinly made/slight build or stature/
菜種梅雨 [なたねづゆ] /(n) long spell of rain in early spring/
菜漬け [なづけ] /(n) pickled vegetables/
際限なく続く [さいげんなくつづく] /(exp) to continue without end/to go on to eternity/
財務格付け [ざいむかくづけ] /(n) financial strength ratings/
財務力格付け [ざいむちからかくづけ] /(n) financial strength ratings/
作付け(P);作付 [さくづけ(P);さくつけ] /(n,vs) planting/(P)/
作付面積 [さくづけめんせき] /(n) planted area/(P)/
桜漬け [さくらづけ] /(n) pickled cherry blossoms/
鮭茶づけ;鮭茶漬け [さけちゃづけ] /(n) chadzuke with salmon powder/
三日月 [みかづき(P);みかずき(ik)] /(n) new moon/crescent moon/(P)/
三日月形 [みかづきけい] /(adj-no) crescent shape/
三日月眉 [みかづきまゆ] /(n) arched eyebrows/
山葵漬け [わさびづけ] /(n) pickled Japanese horseradish/
山積み [やまづみ] /(n,vs) huge mound/heap/
山伝い [やまづたい] /(n) (passing along) from mountain to mountain/
散り散り [ちりぢり] /(adj-na,n) scattered/separated/dispersed/
産み月 [うみづき] /(n) final month of pregnancy/
産気付く [さんけづく] /(v5k) to go into labor/to go into labour/
仕込み杖 [しこみづえ] /(n) sword cane/
姿造り [すがたづくり] /(n) whole fish sashimi/
子作り [こづくり] /(n) (1) having children/(2) attempting to conceive/
指使い [ゆびづかい] /(n) fingering/
支払い手続き;支払手続き [しはらいてつづき] /(n) payment arrangements or procedures/
枝角 [えだづの] /(n) antler (deer, etc.)/
糸作り [いとづくり] /(n) thin strips of raw fish and squid/
紙番付 [かみばんづけ] /(n) sumo ranking written on paper/
紙包み [かみづつみ] /(n) paper package/
事前日付 [じぜんひづけ] /(n) antedating/
事務机 [じむづくえ] /(n) clerical desk/
字詰め [じづめ] /(n) number of characters/manuscript paper/printed matter/(P)/
字面 [じめん;じづら] /(n) impression derived from or appearance of kanji/face/appearance of written words/
持ち続ける [もちつづける] /(v1) to persist in/
痔 [じ;ぢ] /(n) hemorrhoids/piles/
七分搗き [しちぶづき] /(n) seventy percent polished rice/
柴漬け;柴漬 [しばづけ] /(n) salted chopped pickled vegetables/
若作り [わかづくり] /(n) made up to look young/
取り片付ける;取片付ける [とりかたづける] /(v1,vt) to clean up/to clear away/to put in order/
手詰まり;手詰り [てづまり] /(n) stalemate/
手詰め [てづめ] /(n) pressing/urging/
手強い;手づよい [てづよい] /(adj) strong/resolute/firm/strict/
手近 [てぢか] /(adj-na,n) near/handy/familiar/
手綱 [たづな] /(n) bridle/reins/(P)/
手綱を緩める [たづなをゆるめる] /(exp) to slack the reins/
手妻 [てづま] /(n) sleight of hand/
手妻人形 [てづまにんぎょう] /(n) kind of puppet popular in the Edo period/
手作り(P);手造り(P);手づくり [てづくり] /(n,adj-no) handmade/homegrown/hand-crafted/homemade/(P)/
手続(P);手続き(P) [てつづき] /(n,vs) procedure/(legal) process/formalities/(P)/
手続きを経る [てつづきをへる] /(exp) to go through formalities/
手続き的 [てつづきてき] /(adj-na) procedural/
手掴み [てづかみ] /(n) (literal sense of) seizing/grasping/
手釣 [てづり] /(n) handline fishing (angling)/handlining/
手釣り [てづり] /(n) handline fishing/
手蔓 [てづる] /(n) connections/contacts/influence/
首を縮める [くびをちぢめる] /(v1) to duck one's head/
受け続ける;受けつづける [うけつづける] /(v1,vt) to continue to receive/
蹴爪;距 [けづめ] /(n) fetlock (horse, etc.)/spur (chicken, etc.)/cockspur/dewclaw (dog, etc.)/
渋面 [じゅうめん(P);しぶづら;しぶつら] /(n) grimace/sullen face/(P)/
重詰め [じゅうづめ] /(n) food packed in nest of lacquered boxes/
縮こまる [ちぢこまる] /(v5r,vi) to curl oneself up/to squeeze oneself in/to be huddled/
縮まる [ちぢまる] /(v5r,vi) to shorten/to narrow/to close/(P)/
縮み [ちぢみ] /(n) shrinkage/cotton crepe/(P)/
縮み上がる [ちぢみあがる] /(v5r,vi) to cringe/to wince/to flinch/
縮み織り [ちぢみおり] /(n) cotton crepe/preshrunk cloth/
縮む [ちぢむ] /(v5m,vi) to shrink/to contract/to diminish (in size)/(P)/
縮める [ちぢめる] /(v1,vt) to shorten/to reduce/to boil down/to shrink/(P)/
縮らす [ちぢらす] /(v5s,vt) to curl/to crimp/
縮れる [ちぢれる] /(v1,vi) to be wavy/to be curled/(P)/
縮れ毛 [ちぢれげ] /(n) curly or kinky or frizzy hair/
熟(P);熟熟 [つくづく] /(adj-na,adv) (uk) completely/really/thoroughly/deeply/severely/intently/(P)/
出国手続き [しゅっこくてつづき] /(n) departure (sailing) formalities/
出突っ張り [でづっぱり] /(n) being on stage without respite/going out or being in attendance continuously/
渚伝い [なぎさづたい] /(n) along the shore/
書き続ける [かきつづける] /(v1,vt) to continue writing/
書き物机 [かきものづくえ] /(n) writing desk/
書院造り [しょいんづくり] /(n) traditional style of Japanese residential architecture/
宵積み [よいづみ] /(n) goods loaded in the afternoon for delivery the following morning/
小間使;小間使い [こまづかい] /(n) maid/
小遣い [こづかい] /(n) personal expenses/pocket money/spending money/incidental expenses/allowance/(P)/
小遣い銭 [こづかいせん] /(n) spending money/incidental expenses/
小作り [こづくり] /(adj-na,n) small build/small size/
小使い [こづかい] /(n) (slighting reference to a) handyman/
小槌 [こづち] /(n) (small) mallet/gavel/
小爪 [こづめ] /(n) half-moon (of a fingernail)/
小田原提灯 [おだわらぢょうちん] /(n) (collapsible) cylindrical paper lantern/
小突く [こづく] /(v5k,vt) to poke/to push/
小包(P);小包み(P) [こづつみ] /(n) parcel/package/(P)/
小面憎い [こづらにくい] /(n) cheeky/saucy/pert/
少し宛;少しづつ [すこしづつ] /(exp) little by little/a little for each/gradually/
承知尽く [しょうちずく;しょうちづく] /(n) acting on mutual agreement/
松葉杖 [まつばづえ] /(n) crutch(es)/
上り調子 [のぼりちょうし;のぼりぢょうし] /(n) rise/improvement/uptrend/
上積み [うわづみ] /(n,vs) deck cargo/upper layer of goods/(P)/
上包み [うわづつみ] /(n) cover/wrapper/envelope/
上目使い [うわめづかい] /(n) upturned eyes/
常々;常常 [つねづね] /(adv,n) always/usually/
条件づけ;条件付け [じょうけんづけ] /(n) conditioning/
色付く [いろづく] /(v5k,vi) to change color/to change colour/
色付け [いろづけ] /(n,vs) coloring/colouring/adding color/adding colour/
伸び縮み [のびちぢみ] /(n,vs) expansion and contraction/elasticity/flexibility/
寝室に続く廊下 [しんしつにつづくろうか] /(n) corridor leading to the bedroom/
寝殿造り [しんでんづくり] /(n) in the manner of Heian era palatial architecture/
心強い [こころづよい] /(adj) heartening/reassuring/(P)/
心遣い [こころづかい] /(n) solicitude/anxiety/regard for/(P)/
心尽くし;心尽し [こころづくし;こころずくし] /(n) kindness/consideration/
心積もり [こころづもり] /(n) preparation/anticipation/
心付け [こころづけ] /(n) gratuity/
新横綱 [しんよこづな] /(n) sumo wrestler newly promoted to grand champion/
新妻 [にいづま] /(n) new wife/
深爪 [ふかづめ] /(n,vs) cut a fingernail to the quick/
真名鶴 [まなづる] /(n) white-necked crane/
神月 [こうづき] /(n) (obs) tenth lunar month/
神無月 [かんなづき;かみなづき] /(n-adv,n) (obs) tenth month of the lunar calendar/
親類付き合い [しんるいづきあい] /(n) (the quality of) inter-family association/
身近 [みぢか] /(adj-na,n) near oneself/close to one/familiar/(P)/
身繕い;身づくろい [みづくろい] /(n,vs) dressing oneself/personal grooming/
辛抱強い [しんぼうづよい] /(adj) patient/
人間手作り [にんげんてづくり] /(adj-no) man-made/
人形使い;人形遣い [にんぎょうつかい;にんぎょうづかい] /(n) puppet operator/puppet manipulator/puppeteer/
人妻 [ひとづま] /(n) (1) married woman/(2) another's wife/(P)/
人妻と寝る [ひとづまとねる] /(v5r) to sleep with another person's wife/
人使い [ひとづかい] /(n) handling one's workmen/
人事訴訟手続き法 [じんじそしょうてつづきほう] /(n) Personal Status Actions Procedure Law (e.g., divorce actions, etc.)/
人伝;人づて [ひとづて] /(n) hearsay/message/
人付 [ひとづき] /(n) reputation/
人付き合い [ひとづきあい] /(n) social disposition/
崇ﾐけ [すづけ] /(n) pickling/
水無月 [みなづき;みなつき] /(n-adv,n) (obs) sixth month of the lunar calendar/
数寄屋造り;数奇屋造り [すきやづくり] /(n) sukiya style of building/style of a tea-ceremony arbor (arbour)/
寸詰まり [すんづまり] /(adj-na,n) a little short/sawed-off (pants)/
勢い付く [いきおいづく] /(v5k,vi) to gather strength/to take heart/
星月夜 [ほしづきよ;ほしづくよ] /(n) starry night/
晴天続き [せいてんつづき] /(n) spell of fine weather/
正気づく;正気付く [しょうきづく] /(v5k) to become conscious/to recover one's senses/
正札付き [しょうふだづき] /(n) plainly marked/notorious person/
生き作り;活き作り [いきづくり] /(n) (1) slices of fresh raw fish arranged to look lifelike/(2) slicing a fish and presenting it at table in its original form/
生け作り [いけづくり] /(n) (See 生き作り) slices of fresh raw fish arranged to look lifelike/
生爪 [なまづめ] /(n) fingernail/
昔取った杵柄;昔とった杵柄 [むかしとったきねづか] /(exp) skill learned in one's former days/using one's experience from the past/you never forget your own trade/
石子詰め [いしこづめ] /(n) burying alive beneath stones/
石造り [いしづくり] /(n) (made of) stone/
石突き [いしづき] /(n) shoe/ferrule (of an umbrella)/butt end (of a lance)/hard tip (of mushroom)/
跡付ける [あとづける] /(v1,vt) to trace/to inquire into/
切り妻 [きりづま] /(n) gable/
切り妻屋根 [きりづまやね] /(n) a gabled roof/
折り詰め [おりづめ] /(n) food packed in a wooden box/
折り鶴;折鶴 [おりづる] /(n) folded paper crane/
節付け [ふしづけ] /(n,vs) setting to music/composition/
説教調子 [せっきょうぢょうし] /(n) (in a) preaching tone/
雪隠詰め [せっちんづめ] /(n) cornering someone/
舌鼓 [したつづみ] /(n) smacking one's lips/
舌鼓を打つ [したつづみをうつ] /(exp) to smack one's lips at/to eat with relish/
先日付 [さきひづけ] /(n) dating forward/
先輩面をする [せんぱいづらをする] /(exp) (See 先輩風を吹かす) to put on an air of seniority/
先付け [さきづけ] /(n) dating forward/
千羽鶴 [せんばづる] /(n) (string of) many (traditionally 1000) paper cranes/
千擦り;千釣り;千摺り [せんづり(千釣り);せんずり(千摺り;千擦り)] /(n) (uk) (male) masturbation/
千千 [せんせん;ちぢ] /(n) thousands/great number of/variety/
千々に;千千に [ちぢに] /(adv) in pieces/
川釣り [かわづり] /(n) river fishing/
川伝い [かわづたい] /(n) following a river/
川面 [かわづら;かわも] /(n) river surface/
浅知恵 [あさぢえ] /(n) shallow thinking/shallow wit/
浅漬け [あさづけ] /(n) lightly pickled vegetables/
潜く [かずく;かづく] /(v5k) (1) (uk) (arch) to be underwater from the neck down/to collect shells, seaweed, etc. by diving under the water/(2) to force something under the surface of the water/
船積み [ふなづみ] /(n,vs) lading/shipment/
前付け [まえづけ] /(n) preliminaries/
粗造り [あらづくり] /(n) rough-hewn/rough work/
倉作り [くらづくり] /(n) warehouse style/
相槌(P);相づち;相鎚 [あいづち] /(n) sounds given during a conversation to indicate comprehension/(P)/
相槌を打つ [あいづちをうつ] /(exp) to make agreeable responses/to be a yes-man/
走り使い [はしりづかい] /(n) errand runner/
走り続ける [はしりつづける] /(v1) to keep running/
増え続ける [ふえつづける] /(v1) to continue to increase/to continue to mount/
側仕え [そばづかえ] /(n) personal attendant/valet/maid/
側杖;傍杖 [そばづえ] /(n) blow received by a bystander/
息詰まる [いきづまる] /(v5r) to be breathtaking/to be stifling/
息遣い;息づかい [いきづかい] /(n) breathing/respiration/
息衝く;息づく [いきづく] /(v5k,vi) to breathe (heavily)/to pant/to gasp/to sigh/
続き [つづき] /(n,n-suf) sequel/continuation/(also suffix) continuation (in time and space)/second series/succession/spell/(P)/
続き物 [つづきもの] /(n) a serial story/
続く [つづく] /(v5k,vi) to be continued/(P)/
続ける [つづける] /(v1,vt) to continue/to keep up/to keep on/(P)/
続け様 [つづけざま] /(n) one after another/
続柄;続き柄 [つづきがら;ぞくがら(続柄)] /(n) (family) relationship/connection/
打ち出の小槌 [うちでのこづち] /(n) figurative magic wand/
打ち続く;打続く [うちつづく] /(v5k,vi) to long-continuing/
打ち続ける [うちつづける] /(v1) to hit repeatedly/
打っ続け;ぶっ続け [ぶっつづけ] /(adv) (1) (uk) continuously/throughout/(2) in succession/
大横綱 [だいよこづな] /(n) sumo grand champion considered to be truly great, usually with over 10 makuuchi tournament wins/
大詰め(P);大詰 [おおづめ] /(n) final scene/the end/finale/(P)/
大詰を迎える [おおづめをむかえる] /(v1) to approach the finale/to come to a close/
大鼓 [おおつづみ] /(n) large hand drum/
大掴み [おおづかみ] /(adj-na,n) rough (estimate)/generally/
大筒 [おおづつ] /(n) cannon/
沢庵漬 [たくあんづけ] /(n) pickled daikon (radish)/
但し付き [ただしづき;ただしつき] /(adj-no) conditional/
丹頂鶴 [たんちょうづる] /(n) red-crested crane/Japanese crane/
単一化に基づく形式化 [たんいつかにもとづくけいしきか] /(n) unification-based formalisms/
短筒 [たんづつ] /(n) pistol/revolver/
端近 [はしぢか] /(adj-na,n) (interior) corner of a house/
端綱 [はづな] /(n) a halter/
値積もり [ねづもり] /(n) estimation/valuation/
値段付け [ねだんづけ] /(n,vs) pricing at/
値付け [ねづけ] /(n) pricing/(price) positioning/
地境 [じざかい;ぢざかい] /(n) land border/boundary/
地続き [じつづき] /(n) adjoining land/
遅知恵 [おそぢえ] /(n) backward or late-developing child/
駐 [たけづつ] /(n) bamboo pipe/
茶飲み茶碗 [ちゃのみぢゃわん] /(n) teacup/
茶漬;茶漬け [ちゃづけ] /(n) rice with ocha poured on (Japanese dish)/
茶筒 [ちゃづつ] /(n) tea caddy/
中積み [なかづみ] /(n) loading in the middle/
中吊り;中づり [なかづり] /(n) (See 中吊り公告) (abbr) advertisement hanging in a train/
中吊り広告;中づり広告 [なかづりこうこく] /(n) hanging poster/advertising poster (e.g., hung in a train)/
宙づり;宙吊り [ちゅうづり] /(n) hanging in midair/suspended in midair/
丁付け [ちょうづけ] /(n) paging/pagination/numbering/
帳付け [ちょうつけ;ちょうづけ] /(n,vs) bookkeeping/bookkeeper/
帳面面 [ちょうめんづら] /(n) accounts/
腸詰め [ちょうづめ] /(n) sausage/
調子付く [ちょうしづく] /(v5k,vi) to warm up to/to become enthusiastic about/to be elated/
長者番付 [ちょうじゃばんづけ] /(n) list of the richest people/list of the very highest income earners/billionaire's list/
長続き [ながつづき] /(n,vs) long-lasting/(P)/
津津浦浦;津々浦々 [つつうらうら;つづうらうら] /(n-adv,n) all over the country/throughout the land/every nook and cranny of the land/
漬け [づけ] /(suf) (1) pickled (something)/(2) being badly influenced by/being addicted to/
綴(P);綴り(P) [つづり] /(n) (1) spelling/(2) orthography/(3) patching/binding/(P)/
綴り合わせる [つづりあわせる] /(v1) to bind together/
綴り字 [つづりじ] /(n) spelling/
綴り方 [つづりかた] /(n) composition/
綴る [つづる] /(v5r) to spell/to compose/
綴れ錦 [つづれにしき] /(n) (hand-woven) brocade/
綴れ織り [つづれおり] /(n) (hand-woven) tapestry/
底積み [そこづみ] /(n) stowage at the bottom/goods stowed at the bottom/
底力 [そこぢから] /(n) latent energy/reserve strength/potentiality/(P)/
庭付き [ていづき] /(n,adj-no) having a garden/
碇綱;錨綱 [いかりづな] /(n) anchor cable/
蹄 [ひづめ] /(n) hoof/
釘付け [くぎづけ] /(n,vs) nailing down or shut/being rooted to the spot/
天幕造り [てんまくづくり] /(n) tentmaker/
添え乳 [そえぢ] /(n) breast-feeding/
伝いに [づたいに] /(suf) along (the wall)/
田作り [たづくり] /(n) (See 田作) small dried sardines or anchovies (gomame) cooked almost to dryness in soy sauce and sugar/
徒然 [とぜん;つれづれ] /(adj-na,adv,n) tedium/
島伝い [しまづたい] /(n) from island to island/island-hopping/
湯疲れ [ゆづかれ] /(n,vs) weariness caused by prolonged hot bath/
痘痕面 [あばたづら;あばたずら] /(n) pockmarked face/
筒井筒 [つついづつ] /(n) well curb of a round well/
藤蔓 [ふじづる] /(n) wisteria vine/
道連れ [みちづれ] /(n) fellow traveler/fellow traveller/
毒突く [どくづく] /(v5k,vt) to curse (at someone)/to call someone names/
読み辛い;読みづらい [よみづらい] /(adj) hard to read/
奈良漬;奈良漬け [ならづけ] /(n) vegetables pickled in sake lees/
内造り [うちづくり] /(n) inside finishing (of a house)/
二つ宛 [ふたつあて;ふたつづつ] /(n) two pieces of/two pieces each/
二人宛;二人づつ;二人ずつ [ふたりづつ(二人宛;二人づつ);ふたりずつ(二人宛;二人 ずつ)] /(adj-no) couple/
二人連れ [ふたりづれ] /(n) party of two/
肉付き [にくづき] /(n) strapping/buxom/
肉付きのよい [にくづきのよい] /(n) well-fleshed/well-padded/plump/fat/
肉付け [にくづけ] /(n,vs) fleshing out/modeling/modelling/
日付(P);日付け(P) [ひづけ(P);かづけ] /(n) date/dating/(P)/
日付印 [ひづけいん] /(n) date stamp/
日付変更線 [ひづけへんこうせん] /(n) International Date Line/
入れ知恵;入知恵;入れ智慧 [いれぢえ] /(n,vs) suggestion/hint/
入れ智慧 [いれちえ] /(n) suggestion/hint/
入母屋造り [いりもやづくり] /(n) building with a gabled, hipped roof/
忍耐強い [にんたいづよい] /(adj) persevering/very patient/
年強 [としづよ] /(adj-na,n) being older or a senior/the first half of the year/
年強い [としづよい] /(n) child born in first half of the year/
粘り強い [ねばりづよい] /(adj) tenacious/persevering/persistent/(P)/
納得ずく;納得尽く;納得づく [なっとくずく(納得ずく;納得尽く);なっとくづく(納得づく)] /(n) (See 納得) having consent (e.g., to do something)/having (someone's) assent/
馬鹿面 [ばかづら] /(n) foolish face/stupid look on one's face/
馬鹿力 [ばかぢから] /(n) great physical power/animal strength/
馬面 [うまづら;ばめん;うまがお] /(n) (1) long thin face/(2) (うまづら only) (See 馬面剥) Black Scraper (fish)/
馬面剥 [うまづらはぎ] /(n) black scraper fish (Novodon modestus)/
倍付け [ばいづけ] /(n,suf) paying (or paying out) double/(after number N) paying N times as much/
粕漬け;糟漬 [かすづけ] /(n) (fish or vegetables) pickled in sake lees/
箱詰め [はこづめ] /(n,adj-no) packed in a box (i.e. chocolates)/
髪綱 [かみづな] /(n) rope made of hair/
帆綱 [ほづな] /(n) halyard/
板番付 [いたばんづけ] /(n) large wooden sumo rankings hung outside the tournament venue/
飯綱 [いづな] /(n) a type of fox spirit/
番付 [ばんづけ] /(n) ranking of entertainers, sumo wrestlers, etc./(P)/
番付外 [ばんづけがい] /(n) outside the rankings (sumo)/
番付 [ばんづけひょう] /(n) table with sumo rankings/
番付編成会議 [ばんづけへんせいかいぎ] /(n) committee arranging the sumo ranking/
比翼塚 [ひよくづか] /(n) double grave of lovers who died together/
皮作り [かわづくり] /(n) sashimi with skin still attached/
被く [かずく;かづく] /(v5k,v5g) (1) (uk) (arch) to wear on the head/(2) to have cloth, clothing, etc. bestowed upon one by their lord or master/to wear such cloth on the left shoulder/(3) to be injured/
被ける [かずける;かづける] /(v1) (1) (uk) (arch) to place a hat, etc. on someone's head/(2) to award clothing to someone as a reward or a souvenir/(3) to place the blame or burden of responsibility on someone else/(4) to use something as an excuse or a pr
飛び石伝い [とびいしづたい] /(n) crossing via stepping-stones/
鼻詰り;鼻詰まり [はなづまり] /(n) nasal congestion/nose being clogged up/
鼻血 [はなじ(P);はなぢ] /(n) nosebleed/(P)/
鼻綱 [はなづな] /(n) halter/
鼻面 [はなづら] /(n) muzzle/snout/
髭面 [ひげづら] /(n) bearded or unshaven face/
膝詰め [ひざづめ] /(n) knee to knee/
膝詰め談判 [ひざづめだんぱん] /(n) direct negotiations/
筆遣い [ふでづかい] /(n) brushwork/
筆塚 [ふでづか] /(n) mound covering reverently buried old brushes/
筆筒 [ふでづつ] /(n) brush case/
氷詰め [こおりづめ] /(n) packing in ice/
氷漬け [こおりづけ] /(n) putting down in ice/
浜伝い [はまづたい] /(n) along the beach/
瓶詰め(P);瓶詰(P) [びんづめ] /(n,adj-no,vs) bottling/bottled/(P)/
付き [つき(P);づき] /(n,n-suf) attached to/impression/sociality/appearance/furnished with/under/to/(P)/
付け知恵 [つけぢえ;つけじえ(ik)] /(n) hint/suggestion/
付貴信 [づけきしん] /(suf) your letter, fax, etc. dated .../
夫婦茶碗 [めおとぢゃわん] /(n) his and her teacups/
夫婦連れ [みょうとづれ] /(n) husband and wife travelling together (traveling)/
赴Cづく;浮ｶ気づく;赴C付く;浮ｶ気付く [おじけづく;おじけつく(赴C付く;浮ｶ気付く)(ik)] /(v5k,vi) to be seized with fear/to be intimidated/to lose one's nerve/to be frightened/to get cold feet/to have the wind up/
符号づけ [ふごうづけ] /(n) encoding (act of encoding a signal)/
部長付 [ぶちょうづき] /(n) assistant (to general manager)/
風呂敷包み [ふろしきづつみ] /(n) something wrapped in a furoshiki/
福神漬け [ふくじんづけ] /(n) vegetables pickled in soy sauce/
腹鼓 [はらつづみ] /(n) drumming on one's belly/having one's fill/
腹積もり [はらづもり] /(n) ready plan/intention/
仏作 [ほとけづくる] /(n,vs) becoming haggard/
仏頂面 [ぶっちょうづら] /(n) sour look/
物干し綱 [ものほしづな] /(n) clothesline/
物作り;物造り [ものづくり;ものつくり] /(n) making things using skilled hands-on human labor (labour)/
物尽し [ものづくし] /(n) being complete/comprehensive/exhaustive/
分かり辛い;分かりづらい [わかりづらい] /(adj) difficult to understand/
糞詰まり [ふんづまり] /(n) constipation/
糞力 [くそぢから] /(n) extraordinary strength/animal strength/brute force/
文月 [ふみづき;ふづき] /(n) (obs) seventh month of the lunar calendar/
聞き辛い [ききづらい] /(adj) difficult to hear/difficult to ask/
頁付け [ぺえじづけ] /(n) pagination/
片袖机 [かたそでづくえ;かたそでつくえ] /(n) desk with a tier of drawers on one side/
片付く(P);片づく [かたづく] /(v5k,vi) (1) to be put in order/to be put to rights/(2) to be disposed of/to be solved/(3) to be finished/(4) to be married (off)/(P)/
片付け [かたづけ] /(n) tidying up/finishing/
片付ける(P);片づける [かたづける] /(v1,vt) (1) to tidy up/to put in order/to straighten up/to put away/(2) to settle (problem)/to clear (dispute)/(3) to finish/to bring something to an end/(4) to marry off (e.g., a daughter)/(5) to do away with someone/to
保険付き [ほけんづき] /(n) guaranteed/insured/
保証付き [ほしょうづき] /(n) guaranteed/certified/
歩き続ける [あるきつづける] /(v1) to keep walking/
歩み続ける [あゆみつづける] /(v1) to continue (walking)/
峰続き [みねつづき] /(n) succession of peaks/
峰伝い [みねづたい] /(n) along the ridges/
望月 [もちづき] /(n) full moon/(P)/
吠え面 [ほえづら] /(n) tearful face/
頬づえをつく;頬杖を突く [ほおづえをつく] /(exp) to rest one's chin in one's hands/
頬杖 [ほおづえ] /(n) resting one's chin in one's hands/
盆提灯 [ぼんぢょうちん] /(n) Bon Festival lantern/
麻綱 [あさづな] /(n) hemp rope/
埋もれる [うもれる(P);うずもれる;うづもれる] /(v1,vi) to be buried/to be covered/to be hidden/(P)/
万釣り;萬釣り(oK);万摺 [まんづり;まんずり(ik)] /(n) (uk) (X) (fem) masturbation/
味噌漬け [みそづけ] /(n) meat or fish or vegetables preserved in miso/
無駄遣い [むだづかい] /(n,vs) waste money on/squander money on/flog a dead horse/(P)/
無駄使い [むだづかい] /(n,vs) waste/
名付ける(P);名づける [なづける] /(v1,vt) to name (someone)/(P)/
名付け親 [なづけおや] /(n) godparent/
命綱 [いのちづな] /(n) lifeline/
毛繕い;毛づくろい [けづくろい] /(n) (mutual) grooming, e.g., monkeys searching for insects in mate's hair/
猛獣使い [もうじゅうづかい;もうじゅうつかい] /(n) wild-animal tamer/
儲け付くで;儲付くで [もうけづくで] /(exp) for investment/to make money/
木槌 [きづち] /(n) wooden hammer/
木蔦 [きづた] /(n) kind of ivy/Hedera rhombea/
目詰まり [めづまり] /(n) clogging up/
門付け [かどづけ] /(n) (one who offers) door-to-door entertainment/
夜詰め [よづめ] /(n) night watch/
夜釣り [よづり] /(n) night angling/
野積み [のづみ] /(n) piled out in the open/
矢筒 [やづつ] /(n) a quiver/
役付き [やくづき;やくつき] /(n) holding a position of responsibility/
約める [つづめる] /(v1,vt) to abridge/to shorten/to economize/
勇気付け [ゆうきづけ] /(n) have a burst of courage/
勇気付ける [ゆうきづける] /(v1,vt) to encourage/to cheer/
友達付き合い [ともだちづきあい] /(n) friendly relations/
友釣り [ともづり] /(n) fishing with decoys/
郵便小包 [ゆうびんこづつみ] /(n) parcel/
融通 [ゆうずう(P);ゆうづう] /(n,adj-no,vs) (1) lending (money)/finance/(2) adaptability/versatility/flexibility/accommodation/(P)/
夕月 [ゆうづき] /(n) the evening moon/
夕月夜 [ゆうづきよ;ゆうづけよ] /(n) moonlit evening/
幼妻 [おさなづま] /(n) very young bride/bride (married woman) who is little more than a girl/
葉月 [はづき] /(n) (obs) eighth month of the lunar calendar/
葉茶 [はぢゃ;はちゃ] /(n) leaf tea/
理詰め [りづめ] /(n) reasoning/logic/
裏付き [うらづき] /(n) lined/something lined/
裏付け(P);裏付 [うらづけ] /(n) backing/support/endorsement/collateral/security/guarantee/proof/substantiation/foundation/lining (something)/something lined/(P)/
裏付ける [うらづける] /(v1,vt) to support/to endorse/to substantiate/
裏付け物資 [うらづけぶっし] /(n) collateral goods/
裏面に続く [りめんにつづく] /(exp) continued overleaf/please turn over/PTO/
陸続き [りくつづき] /(n) border on/by land/
陸釣;陸釣り [おかづり] /(n) fishing from land/
立ち詰め [たちづめ] /(n) keep on standing/
立ち続ける;立続ける [たちつづける] /(v1,vi) to keep standing/
立ち待ち月 [たちまちづき] /(n) 17-day-old moon/
立て続け [たてつづけ] /(n) succession/(P)/
略式手続き [りゃくしきてつづき] /(n) summary proceedings/
流し釣り [ながしづり] /(n,vs) trolling/
旅疲れ [たびづかれ] /(n) weary from traveling (travelling)/
両刀遣い;両刀使い [りょうとうつかい;りょうとうづかい] /(n) two-sword fencer/expert in two fields/person who likes alcohol and sweets equally well/bisexual (person)/
力強い [ちからづよい] /(adj) reassuring/emboldened/(P)/
力付く;力づく [ちからづく] /(v5k) to recover one's strength/to recover one's spirit/to revive/to be refreshed/to be invigorated/to be encouraged/
力付ける;力尽ける(oK) [ちからづける] /(v1,vt) to encourage (someone)/to cheer (someone) up/
隣付き合い [となりづきあい] /(n) neighborly relations/neighbourly relations/
恋妻 [こいづま] /(n) loving wife/
恋疲れ [こいづかれ] /(n) haggard from love/
煉瓦造り [れんがづくり] /(n) brickwork/
鷲掴み [わしづかみ] /(n) grabbing hold/
藁苞 [わらづと] /(n) straw wrapper/
腕尽く;腕ずく [うでずく;うでづく(腕尽く)] /(n,adj-no) main force/brute force/strong-arm/
腕白横綱 [わんぱくよこづな] /(n) champion of children's sumo/
嘔吐く [えづく] /(v5k,vi) to vomit/
壜詰 [びんづめ] /(n) bottling/
朧月 [おぼろづき] /(n) hazy moon/
朧月夜 [おぼろづきよ] /(n) misty, moonlit night/
躓く [つまずく(P);つまづく] /(v5k,vi) to stumble/to trip/(P)/
鑞付け;ロー付け;ろう付け [ろうづけ;ローづけ] /(n) soldering/brazing/
鬘 [かつら(P);ヅラ] /(n) hairpiece/wig/(P)/
Just a thought that occurred to me recently: Although we may not think of it, we are transliterating as we write Japanese with our computers. An overwhelming majority of people use the standard QWERTY key layout (even in Japan), and as we use IME or whatever input method, we are typing a romanized version of Japanese.
When I am actually writing Japanese words in romaji, I use Hepburn, but when I type using IME, I use whatever method allows for the least number of keystrokes.
I suddenly found myself curious about the etymology of Japanese words that have worked their way into the English lexicon. I thought that one such word was "typhoon," which is similar to the Japanese pronunciation of "taifuu," but using a very different spelling convention.
According to the Online Etymology Dictionary (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=typhoon), the word has a variety of possible sources, and Japanese is not mentioned as one of them. The closest, it seem, is the Cantonese word "tai fung."
Back to the subject of transliteration; I find that whenever I am writing for a primarily English-speaking audience, it's awfully inconsiderate to write Japanese words without at least providing my readers with an idea of how the word is pronounced.
If you don't transliterate Japanese into romaji, then what do you call this:
Romaji is a word that has been naturalised into the English language, same as kimono and tsunami.
Kunrei is also phonetic for the most part which means that sounds not distinguished in modern Japanese (ぢ、づ etc） are not given a separate
transcription. I personally don't have the least problem with that approach.
I guess I would contrast that, though - why would you care about the spoken equivalency when romaji is a system of writing Japanese?
Written Japanese is much more complex than spoken Japanese because of the extra information.
It seems a direct analog to me.
Yeah, that's what I mean about confusion in romaji spelling. "Siota" is kunrei (which the kids learn at school) and "Shouta" is Hepburn, which is preferred by Westerners.
Actually, しょうた would be "syouta" in Kunrei. "Siota" would be しおた. Having two systems has served to thoroughly confuse Japanese people and the majority of romaji that I see written by Japanese people is an illogical combination of the two systems (as in "Shisikui") or a new freakish invention (as in "Siota" or "Asashyoryu").
駄目押しも、ここまで来ると… :D
メ[ルさん、I can't follow a post that doesn't fit into my screen (and it's quite big)... :blush:
Well in summary "ぢ is rarely used in modern Japanese but づ is reasonably common especially in compound words as a euphonic change."
Thank you, メ[ルさん . :relief:
And thank you, JimmySeal!! :cool:
I don't transliterate Japanese into romaji and I _really_ don't transliterate Japanese into romanji. I have been known to transcribe into Japanese.
If you don't transliterate Japanese into romaji, then what do you call this:
I don't transliterate Japanese into romaji
i use
ti ち
tu つ
ji じ
no idea if it has a specific name... its just the shortest way to type it so most jpns do it that way too.
I find that Japanese themselves get awfully confused when writing their own words into romaji. In one class the name for a boy called しょうた was written "siota". I changed it to Shouta. A boy called ゆうき had his name written as "Youki" so I called him ようき at first.
Yeah, that's what I mean about confusion in romaji spelling. "Siota" is kunrei (which the kids learn at school) and "Shouta" is Hepburn, which is preferred by Westerners.
I don't know. I'll tell you some conventions that I don't like, however:
tu and zi.
In my opinion, it should be done
tsu and ji
as they approximate the sound better. They also make explaining things about pronunciation to Japanese people easier. I'm sure there's more, but that's what comes first to mind.
I guess I would contrast that, though - why would you care about the spoken equivalency when romaji is a system of writing Japanese?
Written Japanese is much more complex than spoken Japanese because of the extra information.
It seems a direct analog to me.
I agree it is more complex but for different reasons. ぢ and づ are not even used in modern Japanese writing with the exception of one or two words.
メ[ルさん、I can't follow a post that doesn't fit into my screen (and it's quite big)... :blush:
Well in summary "ぢ is rarely used in modern Japanese but づ is reasonably common especially in compound words as a euphonic change."
I like Hepburn better, too--probably because I grew up with it. But my kids were taught the "kunrei." They used to confuse the two and never got used to either.
I have more serious problems with Chinese, having learned Wade-Giles in my youth and the dominant system now pinyin... :(
When I am actually writing Japanese words in romaji, I use Hepburn, but when I type using IME, I use whatever method allows for the least number of keystrokes.
Same. There is no way to get ぢ or づ from an IME using Hepburn style (unless you type something like ちかずく and it corrects you).
Though I generally prefer the Hepburn system, there is one thing that bothers me:
In Hepburn (This is a contrived example, but there are better ones)
大きい （おおきい） ōkii
王奇異 （おうきい） ōkii
Are both written the same: that is, ou and oo syllables are fused, making the mapping between kana and romaji lose its one-to-one-ness.
Similar things happen for じ and ぢ (both become ji) and ず and づ (both become zu).
This causes some trouble for me when I'm trying to figure out a word I don't know. Granted, knowledge of the japanese language can compensate for this, but it's somewhat annoying.
That's one advantage JSL has over Hepburn (the doubled vowel system). Unfortunately, most people seem to drop the extra vowel in the absence of macrons (ex. aikidō → aikido instead of aikidou), which leads to more loss of information.
It also sometimes butchers some people's names when the Japanese Governement goes about writing passports.
I don't knwo what it's called, but I used the following things:
ち = Chi
つ = Tsu
づ = Zu
ぢ = Ji
し = Shi
... and you get the idea :-)
-Tommy
OK, after reading that wiki article about romaji, I have to say that Hepburn must be the way closest to what I use. I absolutely abhor the Jordan method (that's the method I originally had to use to learn Japanese with.)
Tomii, check the link to wikipedia I posted earlier in the thread.
OK, well by all means I will revise that and say the main ones I see or use with any regularity that don't have a substitute character are these
続ける、基づいて and 近づ。 Sorry for any others being left out. It's been a long day. :p
I don't know. I'll tell you some conventions that I don't like, however:
tu and zi.
In my opinion, it should be done
tsu and ji
as they approximate the sound better. They also make explaining things about pronunciation to Japanese people easier. I'm sure there's more, but that's what comes first to mind.
Yea, one of the conventions I don't like is when the topic marker (は) is transliterated as ha instead of wa. It gets me confused to is that the topic marker or the word ha. Another convention that irritates me is the omission of an apostrophe between the syllabic n and ya, yo, or yu. (For example, the transliterator would write kinyu instead of kin'yu for the kanji 禁輸. It makes me wonder if it's 記入 or 禁輸.) :auch:
Sorry, I tried to link up to the wiki entries on the various systems, but the site wouldn't let me. :banghead:
I don't transliterate Japanese into romaji and I _really_ don't transliterate Japanese into romanji. I have been known to transcribe into Japanese.
Yes, but Romaji is not how Japanese is actually written, as you well know. It's just a convention for rendering a non-alphabetic language into an alphabetic form. I personally find romanization useful only for typing or explaining things about the language to someone who hasn't yet learned how to read properly or cannot read extended characters on their computer.
I used to have to write people's names down for the "priest" guy for weddings, and I always tried to use whatever most approximated the names in romaji. I wasn't always consistent with my romanization, but from what I heard through the grapevine, the priest guys liked it a lot better than when actual Japanese people rendered the names into romaji...
I prefer the Hepburn system myself, when writing Japanese people's names, Japanese words, like Youko for the name ようこ etc. But if I was presenting to an audience that didn't understand Japanese I would use the simple way to write them - so it would be Yoko (whatever that system's called)
I find that Japanese themselves get awfully confused when writing their own words into romaji. In one class the name for a boy called しょうた was written "siota". I changed it to Shouta. A boy called ゆうき had his name written as "Youki" so I called him ようき at first.
I had to go to wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji) to read about the different methods. Although I've seen all of them in the wild, I never knew the names for them.
Looks like I also prefer Hepburn. The others are technically closer to the phonemic transcription of the language, but as an English speaker, Hepburn is the closest approximation to what I'm used to.
 How much does getting a small tattoo on your hip/stomach hurt?
 Do anyone else have an itchy anus? ?
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Transliterating Japanese